Parts Of Speech Pdf (Noun & Case) Important Notes

By Santosh Kumar Last updated Nov 23, 2021

Parts Of Speech (Noun & Case) Handwriting Notes

Parts Of Speech Pdf (Noun & Case) Handwriting Notes

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Case: Definition, Types & Examples

Cases indicate the grammatical functions of nouns and pronouns according to their relation with rest of the words in a sentence.

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In modern English, there are only three kinds of cases.

Subjective Case
Objective Case
Possessive Case

Subjective Case (Nominative Case)

When a noun or a pronoun works as a subject in the sentence, a subjective case appears.

Example:

Louis works in the management.
He works very hard for the company.
I love to watch movies in my free time.
Reading is a very good habit.

Objective Case

When a noun or a pronoun works as an object in the sentence, an objective case appears.

Example:

Robert does not eat burgers.
He loves pizza.
Robert told me that.
Alex follows Robert.

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Possessive Case

Possessive cases indicate a relationship of possession or belongingness between two nouns or a noun and a pronoun.

Example:

Robin’s house is near the river. (Two nouns related in the basis of possession.)
His brother lives in the city. (A pronoun and a noun)
My family does not approve this.
Shaun’s wife has passed away.

Note: The pronoun changes its form in different cases.

Subjective	Objective	Possessive
I We You He She They It Who	Me Us You Him Her Them It Whom	My, mine Our, ours Your, yours His Her, hers Their, theirs Its Whose

There is another kind of case. It is called the vocative case. This case is similar to the subjective case in term of spelling. The vocative case indicates a person being addressed directly by his/her name. This name is separated by a comma.

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Example:

Robert, could you please open the door?
You, watch out the bus.
Listen to me, Russel.
How are you, Susan?

English Grammer PDFs

Important Idioms and Phrases with Hindi and English Meanings

Proverb1: A fog cannot be dispelled by a fan .

Hindi Equivalent: ओस चाटने से प्यास नहीं बुझती .
Meaning: बड़े काम के लिए बड़ा प्रयत्न करना पड़ता है .

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Proverb2: An empty vessel sounds much .

Hindi Equivalent: थोथा चना बाजे घना . / अधजल गगरी छलकत जाय.
Meaning: जिसको कम ज्ञान होता है वो दिखावा करने के लिए अधिक बोलता है .

Proverb 3: Birds of same feather flock together.

Hindi Equivalent: चोर – चोर मौसेरे भाई . / एक ही थैली के चट्टे-बट्टे.
Meaning: एक जैसे लोग एक साथ रहते हैं .

Proverb 4: Do evil & look for like.

Hindi Equivalent: कर बुरा तो होय बुरा. / जैसी करनी वैसी भरनी.
Meaning: जो जैसा करता है उसके साथ वैसा ही होता है .

Proverb 5: Good mind, good find.

Hindi Equivalent: आप भले तो जग भला .
Meaning: जो खुद अच्छा है उसके लिए सब अच्छा है .

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1. Just Coming – मैं अभी आ रहा हूँ.
2. Very Well – बहुत अच्छा.
3. Fine/Very Good – अच्छी बात है.
4. As You Like/As You Please – जैसी आपकी मर्जी.
5. Anything Else – और कुछ
6. That’s enough – बस, रहने दो.
7. Thanks For This Honour – इस सम्मान के लिए धन्यबाद
8. O.K – अच्छा.
9. Why Not – क्यों नहीं
10. Not a Bit – थोडा-सा भी नहीं.

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Noun Handwriting Notes

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IMPORTANT GK QUESTIONS

1.Foremost :

3.The boys were playing Cricket.

A.Cricket had been played by the boys.

B.Cricket has been played by the boys.

C.Cricket was played by the boys.

D.Cricket was being played by the boys.

उत्तर: D.

4.They drew a circle in the morning.

A.A circle was being drawn by them in the morning.

B.A circle was drawn by them in the morning.

C.In the morning a circle have been drawn by them.

D.A circle has been drawing since morning.

उत्तर: A.

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5.They will demolish the entire block.

A.The entire block is being demolished.

B.The block may be demolished entirely.

C.The entire block will have to be demolished by the

D.The entire block will be demolished.

उत्तर: D.

6.Find out whether there is any grammatical error in below sentence.
A lot of travel delay is caused /due to the inefficiency and lack of good management /on behalf of the railways.

A.A lot of travel delay is caused

B.due to the inefficiency and lack of good management

C.on behalf of the railways

D.No error

उत्तर: C.

7.Find out whether there is any grammatical error in below sentence.
One of the members / expressed doubt if / the Minister was an atheist.

A.One of the members

B.expressed doubt if

C.the Minister was an atheist

D.No error

उत्तर: B.

8.Find out whether there is any grammatical error in below sentence.
I have got / my M.Sc. degree / in 1988.

A.I have got

B.my M.Sc. degree

C.in 1988

D.No error

उत्तर: A.

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9.Find out whether there is any grammatical error in below sentence.
Having received your letter / this morning, we are writing / to thank you for the same.

A.Having received your letter

B.this morning, we are writing

C.to thank you for the same

D.No error

उत्तर: D.

10.Find out whether there is any grammatical error in below sentence.
If you lend him a book / he will lend it to some one else / and never you will get it back.

A.If you lend him a book

B.he will lend it to some one else

C.and never you will get it back

D.No error

उत्तर: C.

Tenses Types

Present Tense
Past Tense
Future Tense
Rules
Example

Tenses In Hindi Tense Chart

Tense	Formula
1) Simple present tense (होता है/नहीं होता है)	Positive: S+ V1(s,es) + O Negative: S + do/does + Not + V1+ O Q-I: Do/does + S + V1 + O +? Q-II: Wh+ Do/does + S + V1 + O +?
2) Present Continuous Tense (हो रहा है/ नहीं हो रहा है)	Positive: S+ am/is/are+ (v+ing) + O Negative: S+ am/is/are + not + (v+ing) + O Q-I: Am/is/are/+ S + (v+ing) +O+? Q-II:– Wh + Am/is/are/+S+(v+ing)+O+?
3) Present Perfect Tense (हो चूका है/नहीं हो चूका है)	Positive:- S+ have/has + V3 +O Negative:- S+ have/has + not + V3 +O Q-I: Have/has + S + V3 + O +? Q-II: Wh + Have/has + S + V3 + O +?
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense (वर्तमान में दो समय के बिच हो रहा था/नहीं हो रहा था)	Positive:- S + have/has + been +(V+ing) + O Negative:– S+ have/has + not + been +(V+ing) + O Q-I: Have/has + S + been +(V+ing) + O +? Q-II: Wh + Have/has + S + been +(V+ing) + O +? =
5) Simple past tense (हुआ/नहीं हुआ)	Positive: S + V2 + O Negative: S + did + Not + V1 + O Q-I: Did + S + V1 + O +? Q-II: W + did + S + V1 + O +?
6) Past Continuous Tense (हो रहा था/नहीं हो रहा था)	Positive: S + was/were + (v+ing) + O Negative: S + was/were + not +(v+ing) + O Q-I: Was/were + S + (v+ing) + O +? Q-II: W+ was/were + S + (v+ing) + O +?
7) Past Perfect Tense (हो चूका था/नही हो चुका था)	Positive:- S + had + V3 + O Negative:- S + had + not + V3 + O Q-I: had + S + V3 + O +? Q-II: Wh + had + S + V3 + O +?
8) Past Perfect Continuous Tense (भुतकाल में दो समय के बिच हो रहा था/ नहीं हो रहा था)	Positive:- S + had + been + (V+ing) + O Negative:- S + had + not + been +(V+ing) + O Q-I: had + S + been + (V+ing) + O +? Q-II: W + had + S + been+(V+ing) + O +?
9) Simple Future Tense (होगा/नहीं होगा)	Positive: S + shall/will + V + O Negative: S + shall/will + Not + V1 +O Q-I: shall/will +S + V1+ O +? Q-II: WH +shall/will + S + V1 + O +?
10) Future Continuous tense (हो रहा होगा/नहीं हो रहा होगा)	Positive: S + shall/will + be+(v+ing) + O Negative: S + shall/will + not+be (v+ing) + O Q-I: shall/will + S + be + (v+ing) + O +? Q-II:– W + shall/will + S + be +(v+ing) + O +?
11) Future Perfect Tense (हो चूका होगा/नहीं हो चूका होगा)	Positive:- S + shall/will + have + V3 + O Negative:- S + shall/will + not + have + V3 + O Q-I: shall/will + S + have + V3 + O +? Q-II: Wh + shall/will + S + have + V3 + O +?
12) Future Perfect Continuous Tense (भविष्य में दो समय के बिच हो रहा होगा/ नहीं हो रहा होगा)	Positive:- S + shall/will + have been +(V+ing) + O Negative:- S + shall/will + not + have been + (V+ing) + O Q-I: shall/will + S + have been +(V+ing) + O +? Q-II: W + shall/will + S + have been+(V+ing) + O +?

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Present Tense in Hindi

चुँकि present indefinite का इस्तेमाल habit या regular क्रियाकलाप बताने के लिए किया जाता है, ऐसे शब्द जैसे seldom, usually, sometimes, often, everyday इत्यादि जो habitual actionबताते हैं के साथsimple present का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है।

He is always talking nonsense.(no)
He always talks nonsense.(yes)
How often are you going gymnasium?(no)
How often do you go gymnasium?(yes)

दो शब्द never और always इस मायने में अलग हैं कि इलके साथ simple present और present perfectदोनों का ही इस्तेमाल होता है।

He has always been a friend of mine(yes)
I have never visited such a place(yes)

If, when या whenever के साथ indefinite from का ही इस्तेमाल होता है।

Whenever he is getting time, he watches films.(no)
Whenever he gets time, he watches films.(yes)

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Present Continuous Tense in Hindi

अगर वाक्य में presently, at present, at the moment, now या still (अभी भी) लगा हो तो वाक्य का verb present continuous form में होता है।

Still the bulk of Indian women lives below poverty line.(no)
Still the bulk of Indian women is living below poverty line.(yes)
Don’t disturb him, he has been studying at the moment.(no)
Don’t disturb him, he is studying at the moment.(yes)

चूँकि present continuous एक ऐसे काम के बारे मां बताता है जो थोडी देर के लिए चल रहा है, ऐसी कोई भी क्रिया जो स्वभाविक रुप से होती है (feel, hear, see, smell) या ऐसी कोई क्रिया जो स्थायी भावना बताती है(hate, like, admire, fear, love, respect, dislike, want, wish)या ऐसी कोई भी क्रिया जो स्वभाविक मानसिक क्रिया है (agree, know, mean, think, suppose, understand, believe) या ऐसी कोई भी क्रिया जो स्थायी अधिकार या स्वामित्व बताती है (belong, has/have, possess) continuous form में नहीं रखी जाती।

Most of the Indians are not thinking God to be just imagination.(no)
Most of the Indians do not think God to be just imagination.(yes)
Every living being, be it animal or man, is feeling cold in winter.(no)
Every living being, be it animal or man, feels cold in winter.(yes)

The instruction clearly mentions that each item is havingtwo options. (has)

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Present Perfect Tense in Hindi

So far, uptil now, everके साथ verb का formpresent perfect होता है।

Did you ever think of going abroad?(no)
Have you ever thought of going abroad? (yes)
We sent call-letters to many candidates, but only a few had reported so far. (no)
We sent call-letters to many candidates, but only a few have reported so far. (yes)

Yetके साथpresent perfect का negative form इस्तेमाल होता है।

Hari has not yet received the information of the picnic. (no)
Hari has not received the information of the picnic yet. (yes)

अगर वाक्यों में since + point of timeया for + period of time लगा हो और दिया हुआ काम इस वक्त नही चल रहा हो, तो verb present perfect form में होता है।

India faced four foreign countries’ attacks since independence. (no)
India has faced four foreign countries’ attacks since independence. (yes)

अगर वाक्य में since + point of time या for + period of timeलगा हो और वाक्य में कोई verb नहीं हो तो has/have + been का इस्तेमाल होता है।

For ages, India is a champion of peace and non-violence. (no)
For ages, India has been a champion of peace and non-violence. (yes)

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Perfect Perfect Continuous Tense in Hindi

अगर कोई काम past में शुरू हुआ हो और अभी तक चल रहा हो तो verb form present perfect continuousमें होता है। किसी भी

Tense का perfect continuous प्राय: since + point of time तथा for+ period of time के साथ स्वाभाविक है।
The meeting was already going on, when I reached there. (no)
The meeting had already been going on, when I reached there. (yes)
He must be tired as he is watching television since morning. (no)
He must be tired as he has been watching television since morning. (yes)

Past Indefinite Tense in Hindi

अगर वाक्य में भूतकाल को बताने वाला कोई भी शब्द लगा हो तो वाक्य के verb का form सिर्फ past indefinite (va) हो सकता है।

I don’t know where he is now, but I had seen him yesterday. (no)
I don’t know where he is now, but I saw him yesterday. (yes)

अगर वाक्य की मुख्य क्रिया past में हो तो वाक्य के अन्य verb भी past में ही रहेंगे।

The manger wanted to know whether he has done any mistake. (no)
The manger wanted to know whether he had done any mistake. (yes)
Nobody has answered the questions properly was his opinion. (no)
Nobody had answered the questions properly was his opinion. (yes)

लेकिन मुख्य क्रिया अगर past में भी हो परन्तु आगे आने वाला वाक्य universal truth हो तो उसकी क्रिया past में नही बदलकर यथावत रहेगी।Relative pronoun(who, which, that)के बाद आने वाली क्रिया पर भी past tense का असर पङता है।

Today I missed my morning train which I usually caught. (no)
Today I missed my morning train which I usually catch. (yes)
People in ancient time believed that nab was a pawn in the hand of time. (no)
People in ancient time believed that man is a pawn in the hand of time. (yes)

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Past Continuous Tense In Hindi

यदि दो वाक्यpast tense में हों और उनमें से एक वाक्य कोई घटना बता रहा हो जाबकि दूसरा वाक्य यह बता रहा होति वह घटना कब घटि, तो घटना वाले verb का form v2 (past indefinite) होगा जबकि उस वाक्य का verb जो यह घटना कब घटी है, past continuous में होगा।

When Monika entered the office, a speeding car dashed her. (was entering)
When the theft occurred in the house, the family attended a night party. (was attending)

Past Perfect Tense In Hindi

Past के वाक्य में अगर एक काम के शुरु होने के पहले दूसरा खत्म होने का बोध हो तो जो काम पहले खत्म हो जाए past perfect में होगा जबकि बाद में समाप्त होने वाला काम past indefinite में होगा। यह प्राय: before या after के साथ स्वा भाविक होता है

After the food was served people folded their hands in prayer. (no)
After the food had been served people folded their hands in prayer. (yes)

अगर past में दो वाक्य हों और एक वाक्य कोई अधूरा काम या उद्देश्य का अर्थ दे तो दूसरा वाक्य past prefect में रहेगा जबकि अधूरा उद्देश्य बताने वाला वाक्य past indefinite में रहेगा।

Although we reached his house on time, he left for the station. (had left)
On reaching the school campus he was disappointed as the bus went. (had gone)
Before he was seventeen, he had learnt to speak three languages. (yes)

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Future Indefinite Tense In hindi

समय (when, until, till, so long as ,as long as इत्यादि) और शर्त (if, unless, in case, whether, provided इत्यादि) के तुरंत बाद आने वाला वाक्य में will, shallया किसी भी modal auxiliaryका इस्तेमाल नहीं होता है।

Until you will stay here, how will you meet the chairman?(no)
Until you stay here, how will you meet the chairman?(yes)
You will have to stay here alone in case it will rain.(no)
You will have to stay here alone in case it rains.(yes)

आज काल किसी भी person के साथ ‘will’ का इस्तेमाल होता है। परंतु प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य में I, we के साथ shall का ही इस्तेमाल होता है। यहाँ ‘Will’ का इस्तेमाल गलत होगा।

We will stay here until he comes back.(YES)

But

Will we continue doing it?(no)
Shall we continue doing it?(yes)

Future बताने के लिए present continuous का भी इस्तेमाल किया जाता है। एक अन्य structure भी future बताने के लिए इस्तेमाल होता है – is/am/ are + going + to V1

I am meeting the chairman today to present my grievances.(yes)
I am going to meet the chairmen today to present my grievances.(yes)

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Future Perfect Tense Rules In Hindi

अगर future के वाक्य में by then, by that time या by + future time लगा हो तो verb का form future perfect में होगा।

We hope that by that 2020 A.D. India will be a developed country. (no)
We hope that by 2020 A.D. India will have been a developed country. (yes)
I assure you that by when you get back all work will be finished by then. (no)
I assure you that when you get back all work will have been finished by then. (yes)

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